In Persian, like many other languages, there are three voices, passive, active and Middle. In Persian, Middle voice, like passive voice, is a structure consisting of a one-place predicate. Middle verbs are morphologically active and semantically passive. The purpose of this article is to describe the properties of Middle construction in Persian and to explore the derivation of Middle as a transitive structure within the framework of the latEst version of Generative Grammar.

A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to invEstigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (quEstionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interEst none.   Conflict of InterEst Authors declared no conflict of interEst.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Development and improvement of lentil breeding programs to deal with adverse environmental factors in comparison to other legumes has more challenges due to poor pool of genetic resources. Est-SSR (Est-Simple Sequence Repeats) markers are one of the most commonly used molecular markers in many plant breeding programs due to polymorphism in genes coding regions. Hence, in the present study, for the development of Est-SSR markers, assembly process of RNA sequences of lentil under cold stress and normal condition was used. In order to apply cold stress, lentil plants treated at 4 ° C condition. Total RNA was extracted from plant samples and was sequenced. 8905 microsatellite locations in 7211 unigene derived from lentil RNA sequences data was identified that 1293 unigene of them contained more than one SSR marker location. The most abundant type of Est-SSR marker was found to be of single nucleotide type. In this study, A/T, AG/CT and AAG/CTT motifs had the highEst frequency among the one, two and three nucleotide motifs, respectively. The results of blast of unigene containing SSR showed that 80% of the unigenes had a similar record in the non-redundant protein database. The functional annotation of the unigenes showed that unigene containing SSR marker are subordinate to the critical stress-responsive terms such as binding, cell, cell parts and metabolic. Also, according to the results of this study, it can be stated that most of the identified Est-SSR markers were found in genes that play an important role in responding to cold stress, and UTR regions is often possible position. Hence, more analysis of these areas in candidate gene transcripts in response to cold stress is more important.

In conventional plant breeding, genetic variation is usually identified by visual selection. Currently, with the development of molecular markers in many crop species, it can be identified at the molecular level based on changes in the DNA and its effect on the phenotype. DNA-based molecular markers are the most powerful diagnostic tools to detect DNA polymorphism both at the level of specific loci and at the whole genome level. In the past, such markers were developed either from genomic DNA libraries (RFLPs and SSRs) or from random PCR amplification of genomic DNA (RAPDs) or both (AFLP). Recently, the availability of genomic DNA and cDNA sequences (Ests) in the public databases has made marker development more direct and even cost effective. The common applications of those markers in agriculture sector are molecular characterization of germplasm, mapping of genes/QTLs and marker assisted selection (MAS). Advances in the area of marker discovery and SNP genotyping using Est-based marker assays are discussed in this review.

To assess whether general English and Est courses enable the university students of Medical Sciences to achieve the defined course objective(s), this study focuses, on the assessment of reading skills of dentistry students. Fifty seven (57) students of dentistry having passed both general - and Est courses are given directions to answer 35 items in 30 minutes. The tEst consists of three reading passages. The first passage is a cloze tEst with 21 multiple-choice items; section two a reading comprehension tEst followed by 9 multiple-choice items. Finally, the third one is a selected paragraph of a recent dentistry article followed by 5 True/False statements .The analysis of the qbt51ined data shows that only 43.9% of the students could score 10 or above (from possible 20). This pattern of results shows that the majority of students are not proficient enough in understanding Est texts in dentistry.

Considering that more than 85 percent of ischemic strokes take place in the territory of Middle cerebral artery and Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) is a sensitive and non aggressive method for detection of flow of cranial vessels, the aim was assessing flow alterations of these arteries in ischemic strokes of Middle cerebral artery (MCA) to enable an accurate and quick method to for cast happening of any stroke and it's Prognosis. In this study, designed in descriptive method, the anterior circulation arteries of 44 patients who suffered ischemic infarction in the territory of MCA were insonated by TCD. Patients with first stroke were included and sampling was non probability tEsting on consecutive patients. Brain axial CTS can was performed on all patients on first and third days of stroke and TCD was performed on days 3 to 6 and the results were as following: Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) and Mean Flow Velocity (MFV) of ipsilateral MCA were reduced resulting in asymmetry of flow more than 15% in 61.4% of cases (P value <0.005) . PSV and MFV of ACA were increased resulting in increased ratio of ipsilateral to contralateral ACA (ACAVR) in 72.2% of cases. (P value < 0.005) Pulsatility index (PI) of ipsilateral MCA to contralateral MCA had a significant increase. (P value=p.005) indicating distal vascular resistance. Resistance Index (RI) of ipsilateral MCA and contralateral MCA didn't have any significant difference (P value = 0.05) 1- Ischemic MCA infarcts reduce PSV, MFV in ipsilateral MCA and increase PSV, MFV in ipsilateral ACA, resulting in increased ipsilateral ACAYR. 2- The most valuable parameter in determining MCA infarct is ACAVR (Sensitivity=72.2%), the next one being MCA flow asymmetry> 15% (Sensitivity=61.4%) 3- RI Value had no relation to the final size of infarct. Further studies evaluating normal values of TCD parameters in Iranian people are recommended to compare these indexes with normal ones.  

In this study, 10438 Ests related to the interaction of wheat andMycosphaerella graminicola(Anamorph: Zymoseptoria tritici) were searched in the NCBI Genebank. Non redundant related proteins of these Ests in NCBI genebank were analyzed by Seqtools software. Among 10438 studied Ests, 3868 Ests had related proteins. These proteins were classified in 279 groups based on the type of them. Related pathways of 112 proteins were found in the KEGG site. Subsequently, the relationship between 55 searched pathways and defense responses in plants interact with pathogen was studied. Finally, these pathways were classified based on function in eight groups. Functional groups were included: Defense, Energy, Metabolism, Protein Process, RNA process, Cell cycle, Protein degradation and Signaling. The maximum number (745) of Ests was related to proteins involved in cellular energy group, following by functional pathway related to defenses with 251 Ests.